Слова связки служат для объединения между собой предложений. Они делают Вашу речь богаче, естественнее и приятней для восприятия. Их также ещё называют connecting words – соединительные слова.
Иногда, просто произнося эти слова, Вы можете создать впечатление хорошо владеющего языком человека, рассуждающего на какую-то не простую тему.
Попав в неудобную для Вас ситуацию и не зная, что сказать, вы можете немного потянуть время и подумать. Посмотрите, как это делает Мартин Кук.
Они могут являться и предлогом и частицей и наречием и союзом.
Их также можно разбить на два типа conjunctions - союзы и transition words – переходные слова.
Для Вашего удобства их лучше разбить по функциям. А именно, попав в ту или иную ситуацию, у Вас уже должны быть подготовлены слова, которые помогут Вам выйти из положения. Необходимо создать «банк слов связок» по назначению.
Для более эффективного заучивания слов-связок Вы можете воспользоваться тренажёром on-line. Он даст Вам возможность прослушать эти слова с примерами начитанные носителем языка профессиональным диктором Нилом Гейтцем. Тренажер даёт возможность распределять слова на группы «знаю», «не знаю» и сосредоточиться на словах, которые запоминаются сложнее. Также, Вы можете приобрести печатный вариант карточек, использование которых даёт более эффективный результат, так как в процесс запоминания включаются ещё и тактильные ощущения.
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Read by Neil Geitz
1. Таблица: Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction – контраст / оговорка / противоречие
2. Таблица: Cause / Condition / Purpose / причина / условие / цель
3. Таблица: Effect / result / consequence – следствие / результат / последствие
Таблица: Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction – контраст / оговорка / противоречие |
АНГЛИЙСКОЕ СЛОВО | ТРАНСКРИПЦИЯ | ПЕРЕВОД |
although / though | [ɔːlˈðəʊ] | хотя, если бы даже |
Although the sun was shining it wasn't that warm. (in spite of the fact that) | ||
instead | [ɪnˈstɛd] | вместо, взамен |
People should leave their cars at home and travel by train instead. (as an alternative) Instead of buying a car he bought a house. | ||
whereas | [ˌwerˈæz] | тогда как, в то время как |
You treat this matter lightly, whereas I myself have never been more serious. | ||
while | [waɪl] | в то время как; когда |
While I accept that he's not perfect in many respects, I do actually like the man. (despite the fact that; although) | ||
despite | [dɪˈspaɪt] | не смотря на |
He was forced to step down as mayor despite his popularity with voters. (in spite of) | ||
in spite of | [ɪnspaɪt əv] | не смотря на, вопреки |
In spite of their mutual dislike, he had helped her. (despite) | ||
conversely | [ˈkɒnvəːsli] | обратно, противоположно, наоборот |
He would have preferred his wife not to work, although conversely he was also proud of what she did. | ||
otherwise | [ˈʌðərwaɪz] | иначе, в противном случае |
Hurry up, otherwise we'll be late. (or else) | ||
however | [haʊˈevər| | однако, как, как бы ни |
People tend to put on weight in middle age - however, gaining weight is not inevitable. (but, nevertheless) | ||
rather | [ˈræðər] | скорее, довольно, вернее, лучше |
The judgment was not impulsive, but rather a carefully thought - out decision. (on the contrary) | ||
nevertheless | [ˌnevərðəˈles] | тем не менее, однако |
The statements which, although literally true, are nevertheless misleading. Nevertheless, it makes sense to take a few precautions. (in spite of that) | ||
nonetheless | [ˌnʌnðəˈles] | тем не менее, всё же |
The rally, which the government had declared illegal, was nonetheless attended by some 6,000. (in spite of that; nevertheless) | ||
not with standing | [ˌnɑːt wɪθˈ stændɪŋ] | несмотря на, вопреки, хотя |
Not with standing that Sir Henry had sold much land, his debts were still on the increase. (although) | ||
regardless | [rɪˈɡɑːrdləs] | не обращая внимания ни на что |
The plan for a new office building went ahead regardless of local opposition. (despite; not being affected by something) | ||
but | [bət] | но, а, однако |
He stumbled but didn't fall. (yet; nevertheless) | ||
still | [stɪl] | и все же; однако |
I know you don't like her, but you still don't have to be so rude to her. | ||
unlike | [ˌʌnˈlaɪk] | в отличие от |
Unlike me everybody is free. | ||
or | [ɔːr] | или, либо |
Call me in an hour or I will go home. | ||
yet | [jet] | и всё же |
He was doing nothing, yet he appeared purposeful. (nevertheless) | ||
albeit | [ˌɔːlˈbiːɪt] | хотя, тем не менее |
He was making progress, albeit rather slowly. (though) | ||
as much as | [æz mʌtʃ æz] | столько сколько; также много |
He works as much as you do. | ||
even though | [ˈiːvn ðəʊ] | хотя, даже если |
Even though he was bigger, he never looked down on me. (despite the fact that) | ||
although this may be true | [ɔːlˈðəʊ ðɪs meɪ bi truː] | хотя это может быть правдой |
Although this can be true, I think it would be a big mistake to legalize it. | ||
in contrast to | [ɪn ˈkɑːntræst tuː] | в отличие от |
In contrast to their neighbours, they live modestly. | ||
different from | [ˈdɪfrənt frɒm] | отличительный; отличный |
She's quite different from her sister. | ||
of course ..., but | [ɒvkɔːrs …, bʌt] | конечно …, но |
Of course I know it, but I don’t want to tell you this information. | ||
on the one hand / on the other hand | с одной стороны / с другой стороны | |
On the one hand he is clever on the other hand he makes a lot of mistakes. | ||
on the contrary | [ɒnðə ˈkɒntrəri] | наоборот |
It wasn't a good thing; on the contrary it was a huge mistake. | ||
at the same time | [æt ðə seɪm ˈtaɪm] | в тоже самое время |
I can't really explain it, but at the same time I'm not convinced. (nevertheless) | ||
even so | [ˈiːvən ˈsəʊ] | даже при этих условиях, даже в таком случае |
That was not the most exciting of places, but even so I was having a good time. (in spite of that; nevertheless) | ||
be that as it may | [bi ðæt æz ɪt meɪ] | как бы то ни было |
Well, be that as it may, I'm not about to sign this despite that. (nevertheless) | ||
then again | [ðenəˈɡɛn] | с другой стороны |
I like to travel but, then again, I'm very fond of my home. | ||
above all | [əˈbʌvɔːl] | прежде всего |
He was concerned above all to speak the truth. (more so than anything else) | ||
in reality | [ɪn rɪˈalɪti] | в действительности, фактически |
She had believed she could control these feelings, but in reality that was not so easy. (in actual fact) | ||
after all | [ˈɑːftə ɔːl] | в конечном итоге; в конце концов |
I rang and told her I couldn't come after all. |
Таблица: Cause / Condition / Purpose / причина / условие / цель |
В большем разрешении (для печати) |
АНГЛИЙСКОЕ СЛОВО | ТРАНСКРИПЦИЯ | ПЕРЕВОД |
IN CASE | [ɪn keɪs] | на тот случай, если... |
We put on thick jumpers, in case it was cold | ||
PROVIDED THAT | [prəˈvʌɪdɪd ðæt] | при условии если / при условии, что |
Provided that all is safe, you may go. | ||
GIVEN THAT | [ˈɡɪvn ðæt] | лишь тогда, когда |
He has motivation given that he lost custody. | ||
ONLY IF | [ˈəʊnli ɪf] | лишь тогда, когда |
I'll tell you, but only if you don't tell anyone else. | ||
EVEN IF | [ˈiːvn ɪf] | даже если |
I will go cycling even if it rains. | ||
SO THAT | [ˈsəʊ ðæt] | чтобы (для того); так, чтобы |
He whispered so that I could not hear. | ||
IN ORDER TO | [ɪn ˈɔːrdər tuː ] | для того, чтобы |
You have to love in order to be loved. | ||
SO AS TO | [ˈəʊɪŋ tuː] | из-за, вследствие |
I drove at a steady 50 mph so as to save fuel. | ||
DUE TO | [duː tuː] | из-за, по причине |
He is unavoidably absent due to prior commitments. | ||
INASMUCH AS | [ɪnəzˈmʌtʃ æz] | в той мере, в какой; ввиду того, что |
Chile is currently studying the proposal, inasmuch as it has certain strengths. | ||
UNLESS | [ʌnˈlɛs] | если не, пока не |
I shall not go unless the weather is fine. | ||
WHENEVER | [wenˈevər] | когда бы ни, всякий раз когда |
You can ask for help whenever you need it. | ||
SINCE | [sɪns] | поскольку, так как |
Since he is still absent, we should call the police. | ||
BECAUSE OF | [bɪˈkɔːz ɒv] | вследствие; по причине |
They moved here because of the baby. | ||
AS | [æz] | так как |
The athletes were free to compete again, as the case against them had not been proved. | ||
LEST | [lest] | чтобы не, как бы не, как бы ни |
She turned away from the window lest anyone see them. | ||
IN THE EVENT THAT | [ɪn ðə ɪˈvent ðæt] | в случае, если |
Please be ready to call the police in the event that he doesn't leave the premises immediately. | ||
AS LONG AS | [æz lɔːŋ æz] | пока, при условии |
Specialized expertise can be developed within the Organization as long as candidates possess basic abilities. | ||
ON (THE) CONDITION (THAT) | [kənˈdɪʃ(ə)n] | при условии, что |
I accept this proposal on condition that he will assist. | ||
FOR THE PURPOSE OF | [fɔː ðə ˈpɜːrpəs ɒv] | с целью |
We arranged the meeting for the purpose of preventing a strike. | ||
WITH THIS IN MIND | [wɪð ðɪs ɪn maɪnd] | имея в виду это обстоятельство |
With this in mind, this report focuses on how social protection can be used. | ||
IN THE HOPE THAT | [ɪn ðə həʊp ðæt] | в надежде на то, что |
We are putting an end to violence of all kinds, in the hope that they will respond positively to our peaceful approach. | ||
FOR FEAR THAT | [fɔː fɪə ðæt] | опасаясь, что |
She finally ran away for fear that he would kill her. | ||
SEEING THAT | [ˈsiːɪŋ ðæt] | поскольку; ввиду; так как |
We could have a joint party, seeing that your birthday is the same day as mine. | ||
BEING THAT | [ˈbiːɪŋ ðæt] | заключаться в том, что; так как |
It has a couple of unusual features, the first being that my client appears to be innocent. | ||
IN VIEW OF | [ɪn vjuː ɒv] | виду (чего-л.); принимая во внимание (что-л.) |
Indeed, many of our informants preferred to remain anonymous, in view of the sensitivity of the subject. |
Таблица: Effect / result / consequence – следствие / результат / последствие |
В большем разрешении (для печати) |
АНГЛИЙСКОЕ СЛОВО | ТРАНСКРИПЦИЯ | ПЕРЕВОД |
AS A RESULT | [æz æ rɪˈzʌlt] | как результат; в результате |
Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales. | ||
UNDER THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES | [ˈʌndər ðəʊz ˈsɜːkəmstənsɪz] | в этих обстоятельствах |
Under those circumstances, her actions were completely defensible. | ||
IN THAT CASE | [ɪn ðæt keɪs] | в таком/этом случае |
‘I'm free this evening.’ ‘In that case, why not have dinner with me? | ||
FOR THIS REASON | [fɔː ðɪs ˈriːz(ə)n] | по этой причине |
For this reason alone he can be fired. | ||
HENCEFORTH | [ˌhensˈfɔːrθ] | отныне, впредь, в дальнейшем |
Henceforth, supervisors will report directly to the manager. | ||
FOR | [fɔː] | так как, потому что, ибо |
I couldn't see for the tears in my eyes. I don't eat meat for various reasons. | ||
THUS | [ðʌs] | таким образом, так, поэтому |
The alloy is highly reflective and was thus widely used for mirrors. | ||
THEN | [ðen] | в таком случае; тогда |
Well, if that's what he wants, then he should leave. | ||
HENCE | [hɛns] | следовательно, отсюда |
The company lost a great deal of money. Hence, the CEO was asked to resign. | ||
CONSEQUENTLY | [ˈkɒnsɪkw(ə)ntli] | следовательно, в результате |
Many of the subjects available are not taught in school, and consequently may be unfamiliar as a result. | ||
THEREFORE | [ˈðerfɔːr] | поэтому, следовательно |
He was injured and therefore unable to play for that reason. | ||
THEREUPON | [ˌðerəˈpɑːn] | вследствие того |
The committee reviewed the documents and thereupon decided to accept the proposal. | ||
FORTHWITH | [fɔːθˈwɪθ] | немедленно, тотчас |
If the fire alarm rings, leave the building forthwith. | ||
ACCORDINGLY | [əˈkɔːdɪŋli] | соответственно, в соответствии |
Katherine still considered him a child and treated him accordingly. |
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